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Knowledge Package

Agriculture and Climate Change in the EU: An Overview

Agriculture and Climate Change in the EU: An Overview
Agriculture is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU, while also being heavily affected by climate change. Mitigation and adaptation have to be prioritised by both farmers and policy makers in order to coordinate efforts to reduce emissions from the sector and meet demands for food. Balancing these sometimes competing interests presents a significant policy challenge. Read more
Knowledge Package

The Diverse and Extensive Global Landscape of Climate Finance Flows

The Diverse and Extensive Global Landscape of Climate Finance Flows | Fotolia © underworld
The landscape of climate finance is diverse and extensive. Public and private actors in projects for greenhouse gas emission reductions and climate resilience invest more than USD 300 billion per year. Scaled-up investments and leveraging of private finance are needed to stabilise global temperatures. This knowledge package gives an overview of the global climate finance landscape, with its sources, instruments,...Read more
Knowledge Package

Climate Finance for Reduction of Emissions and Vulnerability

Climate Finance for Reduction of Emissions and Vulnerability | Fotolia © viperagp
Climate finance is defined as the financial resources paid to support climate change mitigation and adaptation activities. International climate finance as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change framework refers to the financial flows from developed to developing countries. This knowledge package provides an introduction to climate finance, including definitions and an overview of principles for climate...Read more
Knowledge Package

Article 7 of the EED: Will MSs Achieve their Energy Savings Targets?

Article 7 of the EED: Will MSs Achieve their Energy Savings Targets? | Fotolia © lucadp
Article 7 of the Energy Efficiency Directive obliges Member States to develop an Energy Efficiency Obligation scheme or/and use alternative measures like energy certificates, minimum energy performance requirements etc. After 2012, Member States were obliged to report their planned measures through National Energy Efficiency Action Plans. This knowledge package provides an overview of how Member States have implemented the Article 7.Read more
Knowledge Package

Energy Efficiency Policy Instruments in the European Union

Energy Efficiency Policy Instruments in the European Union | Fotolia © Eisenhans
Energy Efficiency Obligations are the cornerstone of the Energy Efficiency Directive from 2012. Under such obligations energy companies are responsible for generating energy savings. This policy was already successfully implemented in 6 EU Member States. Other policies like nearly zero energy buildings and energy certification are also planned. This knowledge package investigates the range of energy efficiency policies that are...Read more
Knowledge Package

Household Contribution to Buildings' Carbon Footprint

Fotolia © Brian Jackson
Households remain one of the most significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector, due to their energy consumptions, with certain Member States having thrice or more the household emission footprint than others. The efforts carried out to minimize their emissions have brought certain results, but more actions are considered necessary. Improvement of households' energy efficiency is a...Read more
Knowledge Package

History of the UN Climate Negotiations - Part 2 - from 2011 to 2015

Fotolia © pathdoc
Several factors led to uncertainty and complexity as well as scepticism on the likelihood of reaching an effective agreement in the post-Copenhagen process, including the shift in the UNFCCC negotiation process from a top-down approach to a more flexible system of country-led individual targets and a growing realisation among developing countries about the need to take an active role in...Read more
Knowledge Package

History of the UN Climate Negotiations - Part 1 - from the 1980's to 2010

Flickr © Takver
Based on first scientific insights on climate change, policy makers agreed in 1992 on a UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Since then, the UNFCCC has been the basis for climate negotiations with the Kyoto Protocol (1997), the Marrakech Accords (2001) and the Cancun Agreements (2010) as major milestones. This Knowledge Package explains how climate policy making has increasingly...Read more
Knowledge Package

The European Climate Policy Mix

Fotolia © krasyuk
To realise the savings aimed at with the 20-20-20% targets for 2020, the European Union has introduced a mix of climate policies, using a variety of policy instruments and targeting all economic sectors. The different policies have fulfilled their purpose with varying success and different performances regarding environmental and cost effectiveness, as well as additional impacts on society. Read more
Knowledge Package

Cost-Effectiveness of EU Renewable Energy Support Systems

Fotolia © mindscanner
Renewable energy support schemes need to be well designed in order to bring forth the desired outcome, not only regarding the achievement of targets (effectiveness) but also regarding the achievement at lowest costs possible (cost-effectiveness). This knowledge package focuses on the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy support schemes within the EU and highlights design features indispensable in creating cost-effective renewable support.Read more
Knowledge Package

Adaptation Policy in the EU – An Overview

Fotolia © hansenn
The European Commission introduced the EU Adaptation Strategy in 2013. The strategy sets out a framework and mechanisms for preparing the EU for current and future climate impacts. The strategy has three main objectives: promoting action by Member States; promoting better-informed decision-making; and promoting adaptation in key vulnerable sectors. On a national level, many Member States have adopted National Adaptation Strategies.Read more
Knowledge Package

Interactions between Climate Policies: Examples from Europe

Fotolia © chungking
Policies to address climate change mitigation that have been deployed in parallel may interact with each other, with positive or negative effects for emission reductions and for cost-effectiveness. This Knowledge Package presents examples from European Union climate policy, renewable energy policy and energy efficiency policy.Read more
Knowledge Package

Interactions between Climate Policies: Opportunities and Pitfalls

Fotolia © vege
Policies to address climate change mitigation that have been deployed in parallel may interact with each other, with positive or negative effects for emission reductions and for cost-effectiveness. This Knowledge Package explains the economic theory behind such policy interactions and discusses why even with a carbon price (such as that generated by the EU Emissions Trading Scheme) the introduction of...Read more
Knowledge Package

Are Transport Emissions "Mobilizing" an EU Policy Response?

Fotolia © bibi
Within the EU-28, transport is responsible for around 20% of greenhouse gas emissions, rendering it the second largest emitting sector after the energy industry. Emissions from transport have also grown by 19% from 1990 to 2011. In order to turn this trend around and accomplish the corresponding emission targets, the EU has designed and implemented a series of measures, including...Read more
Knowledge Package

International Climate Policy Architectures – Top-Down and Bottom-Up

Flickr © UNclimatechange
International climate policy currently seems to be undergoing a transition from a centralized model of governance to a "hybrid" decentralized approach that combines country-level mitigation pledges with common principles for accounting and monitoring. Pledges for 2020 are likely to lead to a warming of at least 3°C. Unless a more stringent approach can be agreed for 2030, the international regime...Read more
Knowledge Package

Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy

Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy | Fotolia © Becky Stares
It is essential to consider the social aspects that influence the acceptance of climate-friendly technologies, such as renewable energy. Five elements are thought to determine the level of acceptance: awareness of climate change; fairness of the decision-making process; the overall evaluation of costs, risks and benefits; the local context; and trust in decision-makers.Read more
Knowledge Package

The EU Emissions Trading System: an Introduction

The EU Emissions Trading System: an Introduction | Fotolia © patila
The EU Emissions Trading Scheme is a key pillar of European climate policy. It contributes to the EU’s greenhouse gas reduction targets by setting a cap on the maximum level of emissions for the sectors covered and establishing an installation-level market for emission permits, which generates a price for them. This knowledge package traces the history and discusses the main...Read more
Knowledge Package

Progress towards the 2020 Greenhouse Gas Target in Europe

Progress towards the 2020 Greenhouse Gas Target in Europe | Fotolia © Olivier Le Moal
There has been considerable progress until 2013 towards the EU’s 2020 climate objective of a 20% reduction. Both, the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) and non-ETS sectors have contributed to the development, especially renewable energy deployment. Part of the progress has to be attributed to the emissions reductions triggered by the economic crisis. Member States have also introduced climate policies that...Read more
Knowledge Package

Overview of Climate Targets in Europe

Fotolia © stockWERK
Since the 1990s the EU has been pursuing climate change mitigation targets. Following the international commitment to the legally binding greenhouse gas reduction under the Kyoto Protocol, the approach was broadened and deepened with the 20-20-20% targets for 2020. The greenhouse gas target looks set to be overachieved. In 2014, new objectives for 2030 were agreed, but criticised harshly by...Read more
Knowledge Package

Renewable Energy Support Policies in Europe

Renewable Energy Support Policies in Europe | Fotolia © Carsten Meyer
There are numerous policy instruments available to support the deployment of renewable energy. Within the EU, Member States are subject to renewable energy targets until 2020, but national governments can decide individually on which support policies to implement. This has led to a wide range of different policies.Read more

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The Climate Policy Info Hub has been created within the POLIMP project which has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration under Grant Agreement Number 603847.

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