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Scientific Knowledge for Decision-Makers

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Knowledge Package

The Role of Industrial Emissions Within the EU: Trends and Policy

The Role of Industrial Emissions Within the EU: Trends and Policy
Greenhouse gas emissions generated by industrial activity constitute a significant share of total emissions in the EU. The EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) is the cornerstone of policies leading to reduction of industrial emissions, supplemented by regulation to prevent fluorinated gases. Industry fears a high burden under the proposed 2030 targets and actively opposes them.Read more
Knowledge Package

Discussion of Climate Policy Instrument Types Applied in the EU

Discussion of Climate Policy Instrument Types Applied in the EU
The main instrument categories applied within the European climate policy mix include non-market-based and market-based instruments. Both instrument types have specific characteristics and thus certain advantages and disadvantages. A hybrid policy approach can reduce short comings and lead to an improved outcome in comparison to the introduction of a single policy type.Read more
Knowledge Package

Market-Based Climate Policy Instruments

Market-Based Climate Policy Instruments
European climate policies apply a mix of different policy instruments to impose emissions reductions. Main instrument categories include non-market-based and market-based instruments. This knowledge package introduces the workings of market-based instruments currently part of the EU’s climate policy toolbox.Read more
Knowledge Package

Non-Market-Based Climate Policy Instruments

Non-Market-Based Climate Policy Instruments
European climate policies apply a mix of different policy instruments to impose emissions reductions. Main instrument categories include non-market-based and market-based instruments. This knowledge package introduces the workings of non-market-based instruments currently part of the EU’s climate policy toolbox.Read more
Knowledge Package

Carbon Leakage and Industrial Innovation

Carbon Leakage and Industrial Innovation
Carbon leakage is defined as an increase of emissions outside the EU because of EU climate policies. As such policies affect the costs of economic activity, especially in energy intensive industries, they might cause companies to move production to countries with laxer greenhouse gas emission policies. Therefore, affected industries receive benefits, such as more free emission allowances in the EU...Read more
Knowledge Package

Observer NGOs and the International Climate Negotiations

Observer NGOs and the International Climate Negotiations
The first part of this knowledge package, "Role of Countries in Climate Negotiations" (POLIMP, 2015) presented an overview of the multilevel interaction of government stakeholders in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The knowledge package below aims at providing a map of the size, coordination and influence of the non-governmental organisations involved as observers in the UNFCCC negotiations.Read more
Knowledge Package

Role of Countries in Climate Negotiations

Role of Countries in Climate Negotiations
Since the 1990s, almost all countries in the world negotiate on international climate policies as Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This has resulted in several milestones, but it has also become clear that countries are diverse and have different negotiation interests, which complicates reaching agreements. This knowledge package maps and explains the interaction of the...Read more
Knowledge Package

Electricity Market Design and Price Signals for Renewables

Electricity Market Design and Price Signals for Renewables
This knowledge package focuses on electricity market design to support an efficient integration of renewable sources into the European electricity system, in line with the 2020 and forthcoming 2030 targets. Considering the sustainable electricity market design, looking into design principles for integrating variable renewable energy and bridging emerging technologies, it concludes the broad variety in terms of market design possibilities.Read more
Knowledge Package

The Global Rise of Emissions Trading

The Global Rise of Emissions Trading
An increasing number of countries and regions around the world are developing and implementing emissions trading as a way of putting a price on greenhouse gas emissions. This knowledge package gives an overview of such systems, compares design features and giving an outlook on future developments.Read more
Knowledge Package

Climate Change Adaptation: Options and Mechanisms under the UNFCCC

Climate Change Adaptation: Options and Mechanisms under the UNFCCC
With a changing climate and the related impacts, social systems need to adapt to altered external conditions. Diverse adaptation options are available for every major sector of the economy. Also the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change pursues different strategies to enhance action on adaptation, both on the national and the global scale. Additionally, the Adaptation Committee plans to...Read more
Knowledge Package

Community Energy Projects: Europe's Pioneering Task

Community Energy Projects: Europe's Pioneering Task
Involving citizens in the generation of renewable energy can increase social acceptance and thus enable the low carbon energy transition. The EU is taking a leading role in community-owned energy projects since this has emerged common practice in EU Member States. Denmark and Germany constitute two best practice examples for community energy generation. Denmark focuses on wind power plants, while...Read more
Knowledge Package

Climate Change Adaptation: Needs, Barriers and Limits

Climate Change Adaptation: Needs, Barriers and Limits
With the observation of more and more climate change impacts, adaptation provides an essential strategy to reduce negative consequences and to exploit beneficial socioeconomic opportunities of climate change. Adaptation related decision-making, however, is confronted with barriers for public and private actors. Other restricting factors, such as technical limits, can further reduce the desired level of adaptation.Read more
Knowledge Package

International Ambition on Targets for the Post-2020 Era

International Ambition on Targets for the Post-2020 Era
The international community is negotiating a post-2020 framework for global climate action. The UNFCCC meeting concluded with such a framework of increasing emissions reduction commitments beyond 2020. Countries are likely to attach their new post-2020 commitments to the international agreement made at this time. The role of the European Union, USA and China is crucial, given that their emissios comprise...Read more
Knowledge Package

Do Biofuels Destroy Forests? Link between Deforestation and Biofuel Use

Do Biofuels Destroy Forests? Link between Deforestation and Biofuel Use
Sustainable biofuels have the potential to foster rural development and to replace fossil fuels. Although there are concerns about food security, impacts on small-scale farmers, more competition for water, local pollution and increased deforestation, this knowledge package concludes that various difficulties make it impossible to quantify the relationship between biofuel production and deforestation and to map it at the global...Read more
Knowledge Package

The Costs of Mitigation: An Overview

The Costs of Mitigation: An Overview
There is quite a vast landscape of different definitions used for the word 'cost' related to the concepts of climate change. To enhance appropriate application and interpretation, this knowledge package explains the various terms in the climate change debate. Furthermore, it provides cost estimates for mitigation expressed in consumption losses for 2020 through 2100 and argues that costs would further...Read more
Knowledge Package

Mitigation: Co-Benefits and Interlinkages to Adaptation

Mitigation: Co-Benefits and Interlinkages to Adaptation
Climate mitigation is a popular strategy to address climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Various options are available for both mitigation policy and technology measures, providing enough economic potential to offset the projected emissions growth. It is crucial for policymakers to be aware of possible side effects, such as co-benefits and interlinkages to adaptation, to pursue a cost-effective implementation...Read more
Knowledge Package

Non-Market Based Approaches: Status of Discussions under the UNFCCC

Non-Market Based Approaches: Status of Discussions under the UNFCCC
The opposition of few countries to market mechanisms coupled with limitations for involving developing countries, parties under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change are considering measures known as non-market-based approaches, like policies and regulations. This knowledge package shows the involvement of definition of non-market-based approach, ensuring environmental integrity and ensuring sustainable development.Read more
Knowledge Package

New Market Mechanisms: Status of Discussions under the UNFCCC

New Market Mechanisms: Status of Discussions under the UNFCCC
Due to the limitations of existing market mechanism, parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change have been prompted to look for new tools to improve cost effectiveness of climate change mitigation. Parties have agreed to consider the implementation of new market mechanisms and non-market based approaches. This knowledge package analyses the elements of new market mechanisms being...Read more
Knowledge Package

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in the EU

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in the EU
Mainstreaming climate adaptation concerns into other policies can increase the effectiveness of reducing climate change impacts. The critical aspect of it is sufficient awareness of decision-makers on all levels that climate change impacts should be minimised. Therefore, information on potential impacts needs to be available,so that decision-makers are aware of them and a wide range of stakeholders is involved in...Read more
Knowledge Package

Technical Options for Climate Change Mitigation in EU Agriculture

Technical Options for Climate Change Mitigation in EU Agriculture
Agriculture and land management play a central role in climate change mitigation in the EU. The potential of greenhouse gas mitigation measures differs according to regional characteristics and farming systems. Since there is great diversity in natural conditions and farming systems, selection of the most appropriate practices will vary according to context and depend on specific agronomic, environmental and climatic...Read more

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The Climate Policy Info Hub has been created within the POLIMP project which has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration under Grant Agreement Number 603847.

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